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7. Usage Examples
Once an initial domain ontology is available, a large number of applications can be developed that exploit the ontology. In this section, we describe some sample uses in the domain of wines.
7.1. Wine Portal
A number of sites exist today that call themselves wine portals. Google for example, provides 152,000 matches for the query "wine portal". One of the top matches, a site called "Wine-Portal.com" (http://www.wine-portal.com/), provides access to a number of sites. Many sites claiming to be wine portals are mostly informational sites. For example, wine-portal.com's first featured site, called 'cork cuisine' (www.corkcuisine.com/), provides information about matching wines and foods, wines as gifts, etc.
Perusing any of the topic areas, one finds a collection of pages containing information and sometimes services related to the topic. For example, 'accessories and gifts' contains information about what to look for when buying particular wine items and also contains a significant number of online retailers. Another top level area called 'shopping' has a subarea called 'wine shopping' from which a user can find online (or 'street shopping') stores (categorized by country). These two sites are just two of the many examples today and are representative of the general notion of a wine portal providing a collection of information and services connected to a particular topic area.
When looking at these sites in some detail, it is not clear how much they depend on ontologies today. For example, viewing the source for the html does not reveal evidence of ontological usage. However, it is clear that the sites could exploit ontologies had some wine ontologies been available.
One simple use of ontologies in portal sites is for organization and browsing. The listing of categories above could be generated from the top few levels of wine related classes. Queries could exploit wine ontologies to retrieve wine relevant information. If one did a search for a term contained in the ontology, the query could be expanded with subclass information in order to find more relevant answers. Portals could be made to automatically update themselves with (candidate) information in topic areas. With very powerful reasoning capabilities they could even identify likely wine sales sites and negotiate to include them as part of the portal.
7.2. Wine Agent
We have started a wine agent (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/webont/wineAgent/) for expository purposes. In our initial design, the wine agent's goal is to recommend wines to accompany meal courses. This application exploits the ontology used as the basis of this guide. This wine ontology is available in the DAML ontology library and is entitled wines. (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/76)
A personalized wine agent can provide a number of services for a human.
The agent may be used to recommend wines given a set of constraints (such as a meal being served), the agent may find information about a particular wine or a particular class of wines, it may look for appropriate accessories for a wine (such as a particular kind of glass suited for that wine varietal, etc.).
Below, we describe an example in a simple prototype system that is being written as a student project.
Consider the following scenario:
Someone is planning a dinner party and at least one of the guests is wine knowledgeable. The host would like to serve wine that is well matched to the course(s) on the menu. The host would also like to appear knowledgeable about the wines served at the event. The host would also like to have appropriate accessories at the dinner. The host may have decided to serve a special tomato based pasta sauce with fresh pasta as the main course.
In order to serve wines appropriate to the meal, the host needs information concerning wine and food pairings. In order to appear knowledgeable about wines, the host would benefit from having access to wine information relevant to the event. In order to have appropriate wine accessories, the host would need to have information about what accessories are relevant to the situation (and are within the host's price range).
With a background wine ontology, given a description of a meal, a wine agent can suggest the type of wine to serve with the meal. The wine agent may suggest a zinfandel as the varietal of choice for the meal. Additionally, given a background ontology, the wine agent may suggest a particular zinfandel, possibly Marietta Zinfandel. Given the information that the wine should be a zinfandel, a wine agent may look for a place to acquire either a selection of zinfandels or it may look for a particular zinfandel wine, such as Marietta. Given a background ontology containing appropriate sources for wine purchases (possibly filtered by the location of the host and the location of the wine seller), the wine agent could go to a site such as wine.com (http://www.wine.com/) and do a search for 'zinfandels' returning a listing of zinfandels for sale on that site. The wine agent could attempt to find Marietta (http://www.b-21.com/marietta/) Zinfandel (http://www.mariettacellars.com/welcome.html) either from the winery itself or from other resellers. It could, for example, find (by a search on Google or a structured search of selected Web sites) that winelibrary.com has a sale on Marietta Zinfandel 1999 vintage for a discounted price of $13.99. The wine agent could use additional filtering information such as price ranges provided either by the consumer or as suggestions based on varietal.
The wine agent may now attempt to provide information concerning zinfandel in general or Marietta Zinfandel in particular. It could use a background ontology of wine sites to find information about particular wines. For example, the winery description (http://www.mariettacellars.com/welcome.html) of their most recent Zinfandel may be of use. Additionally reviews from respected sources such as the Wine Spectator (http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Home) may be of use. If no review of Marietta Zinfandel is available on a favorite wine review site, it may be useful to look for related information such as reviews on zinfandels from the same region, in this case zinfandels from Sonoma County, California.
General background information may also be of use. The host may also want to do some reading and may be interested in books on wine in general or zinfandels in particular. For example, the host may be interested in the books that Amazon.com has for sale (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-keywords=zinfandel&search-type=ss&bq=1/103-2905386-5649420) on zinfandel. The host may also be interested in information concerning wines from the same region, and thus may be interested in Sonoma zinfandels. A wine agent may have typical background information available that is related to its main knowledge areas. For example, this wine agent is concerned with matching foods and wines, so it may have both free and purchasable information on this topic such as the Wine Spectator's article on matching food and wine (http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Wine_Basics/Wine_Basics_Template/0,1199,17,00.html).
The dinner host may also want to acquire appropriate wine accessories prior to the event. Wine is served in wine glasses and different wine varietals are best served in different kinds of glasses. For example, if the host has chosen a meal course for which a zinfandel is appropriate, the host may want to know that Riedel (http://www.riedelcrystal.com/index.htm) is a well-known manufacturer of wine glassware. The host may also want to be linked to the Wine Enthusiast (a well respected supplier of wine merchandise) and be told that the Wine Enthusiast has Riedel's Vinum Zinfandel glass (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/shopping/prod_detail/main.asp?cat=GW&catID=2&sl=0&productID=4099&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC) for sale as a set of 4 for $63.95 (with a discount to $59.95 if you buy two sets of 4 glasses). The host may also be interested to know that Amazon.com has Reidel's Sommelier Zinfandel single stem glass (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00006E9SS/qid=1033070213/sr=8-2/ref=sr_8_2/103-2905386-5649420?v=glance&s=home-garden&n=507846) available for $49.99 (and claims a list price of $65.00). Amazon also has the same Vinum glass for sale in sets of 6 (instead of 4 on the wine enthusiast) for $79.99 (and claims a list price of $119.40). A wine agent could provide a comparison listing of glassware that is matched to the meal (i.e., is appropriate to be used to serve zinfandel) and then is compared by price or other criteria chosen from a list of properties in the ontology.
The dinner host may want to consider other wine accessories. From the ontology, we know that corkscrews are wine accessories. The background ontology may encode subclasses of corkscrews or such information could be found from relevant wine sites as well. The Wine Enthusiast has a set of corkscrews (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/content/gateway/gateway.asp?cat=CS&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC) they recommend (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/templates/recommend.asp?cat=EE&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC) (with descriptions of the types and price ranges). They also distinguish corkscrews by type (level, waiter, stationary, twist, and pump) and the dinner host may want to get information about those styles.
The wine agent may be taken to many levels of sophistication depending upon background ontology knowledge of the domain and information and services sites. In this example, we only exploited information concerning wines, varietal type, food and wine combinations, some wine accessories and their related properties. We could of course expand this to include more information and more constraints by the customer.
An evolving example of this wine agent is available. (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/webont/wineAgent/)
