OWL指南 推薦標準-9
TransWiki - W3CHINA.ORG开放翻译计划（OTP）
摘要_文檔狀態_目錄 第1節 第2節 第3節 第4節 第5節 第6節 第7節 鳴謝_辭彙表_術語索引_參考文獻 附錄
Appendix A: XML + RDF Basics
This appendix provides links to introductions to the standards that OWL depends on.
To fully understand the OWL syntax and semantics you should be familiar with the basics of the related W3C and IETF standards listed below. A minimal guide to XML and RDF is provided by the first two links below.
- Appendix (http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil-walkthru.html#xml-guide) to the DAML+OIL Walkthru
- URI - Uniform Resource Identifier (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt)
- XML - eXtensible Markup Language (http://www.w3.org/XML/)
- XML Namespaces (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/)
- XML Schema (http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema)
- RDF - Resource Description Framework (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/)
- RDF Schema (http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/)
Appendix B: History
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1) was the first language specified by the W3C for representing semantic information about arbitrary resources. RDF Schema (RDFS) (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDFS) is a W3C candidate recommendation for an extension to RDF to describe RDF vocabularies. RDFS can be used to create ontologies, but it is purposefully lightweight, with less expressive power than OWL.
Like OWL, RDFS includes classes and properties, as well as range and domain constraints on properties. It provides inheritance hierarchies for both classes and properties. Upon its release users began requesting additional features, including data types, enumerations and the ability to define properties more rigorously.
Other efforts in the research community were already examining exactly these sorts of features. For those who wish to delve more deeply into this background, a partial list of projects and languages includes:
- DAML - DARPA Agent Markup Language (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL)
- DAML-ONT (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAML-ONT)
- MCF - Meta Content Framework (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#MCF).
- Ontobroker (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Ontobroker)
- On-To-Knowledge (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Ontoknowledge)
- OIL - Ontology Inference Layer (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OIL)
- SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#SHOE)
- XOL (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XOL)
Instead of continuing with separate ontology languages for the Semantic Web, a group of researchers, including many of the main participants in both the OIL and DAML-ONT efforts, got together in the Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee (http://www.daml.org/committee/) to create a new Web ontology language. This language DAML+OIL (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL) built on both OIL and DAML-ONT, was submitted (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL-submission) to the W3C as a proposed basis for OWL, and was subsequently selected as the starting point for OWL.
In addition to ontology languages, various taxonomies and existing ontologies are already in use commercially. In e-Commerce sites they facilitate machine-based communication between buyer and seller, enable vertical integration of markets and allow descriptions to be reused in different marketplaces. Examples of sites that are actually making commercial use ontologies include:
- VerticalNet (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#VerticalNet) Vertical Net currently hosts 59 industry-specific e-marketplaces that span diverse industries such as manufacturing, communications, energy, and healthcare.
Various medical or drug-related ontologies have been developed to help manage the overwhelming mass of current medical and biochemical research data that can be difficult to tie together into a cohesive whole. One major resource is the Gene Ontology Consortium (http://www.geneontology.org/) which is defining ontologies for
- Molecular Function,
- Biological Process, and
- Cellular Components.
That site also has pointers to ontologies for
- sequence attributes,
- gene product attributes,
- chemical substances,
- pathways,
- anatomies,
- pathology,
- physical characteristics,
- experiment attributes,
- classification, and
- pathology.
There exist large taxonomies in use today that would be ripe for extension into the OWL space. For example, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) defines a hierarchy of over 1900 items that identify industry types. NAICS is also tied to the International Standard Industrial Classification System (ISIC, Revision 3), developed and maintained by the United Nations.
Appendix C: Change Log Since Proposed Recommendation, 15 December 2003
- Corrected a typo (allValuesFrom to someValuesFrom) in the TexasThings example in 4.1.
- Added anchor for owl:AnnotationProperty.
- In 3.1.1. added explicit ontology prefix for 'about' syntax example.
- Added a cross reference to the description of the use of owl:oneOf in the Reference at the end of 5.2.
- Made a number of minor corrections suggested by a message (http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2004Jan/0011.html) to public-webont-comments.
- Modified citations for consistency with other OWL documents.
- Fixed typos related to numbering in namespace references.
